Government Information in Canada/Information gouvernementale au Canada, Volume 2, number/numéro 1 (summer/été 1995)

Mainstreaming Government Information in Canadian Research Libraries 1

Alan H. MacDonald 2

© 1995 Alan H. MacDonald

ABSTRACT: Canadian research libraries are trying to bring government information into the mainstream of library service. To do so, they must overcome numerous challenges, including diverse formats, and library practices that serve to segregate government information from other library resources. A key to mainstreaming many kinds of government information is the Internet and particularly the World Wide Web.

RÉSUMÉ: Les bibliothèques de recherches au Canada essaient d'intégrer l'information gouvernementale dans le courant principal du service de bibliothèque. Afin d'y arriver, elles doivent surmonter de nombreux défis, y compris ceux de divers formats et des pratiques documentaires servant à mettre à part l'information gouvernementale des autres ressources documentaires. Deux éléments-clés de l'intégration de plusieurs sortes d'informations gouvernementales sont le système Internet et, en particulier, le World Wide Web.

Pleasantries

Thank you. I really am quite pleased to be here today even if it is on a Saturday morning which is not really my favourite time to be dressed up and standing before an audience, particularly an audience of enthusiasts such as I see here today.

One of my favourite stories at a time like this (and I know some of you have heard it before) comes from Alben Barkley, Harry S. Truman's Vice-President who once said: "the best audience is one that is intelligent, well educated -- and a little drunk." Two out of three isn't bad while I hope the third has not burdened any of you with hangovers which would be particularly aggravated by the desiccated topic we address this morning.

I would like to add my welcomes to those of many others. When we were planning for the 1985 Calgary conference we made a deal with the Calgary Convention Centre to trade free meeting rooms in return for an undertaking to return ten years later in 1995. Well, here we are. I hope you enjoy your stay in Calgary and in our interesting Province of Alberta here under the Big Sky.

These are wild and woolly times in Alberta, times of particular challenge for those of us in the academy, challenges which some of you already know and with which our Ontario colleagues will no doubt soon become far too familiar.

Task

The task which I have been assigned today is to address the prospects/trend/opportunities for integrating government information into the mainstream of library service, particularly but not exclusively in research libraries. This presumes, of course, that government information is of some value and belongs in amongst all the other sources of useful information that inhabit or are accessed from libraries.

The Audience

To help us in our task today we should know a bit about ourselves:

How many persons here today work in libraries? [almost all]

How many are members of the professoriate? [a handful]

How many are not working in academic libraries? [about one third]

How many would characterize a significant part of your role as being a government documents or government publications specialist? [about half]

Information

What of information?

Now one of the most overused words in many vocabularies, information is seen to encompass all aspects of:

The forms of information are limited only by the limits of the human imagination. While as librarians we usually start with the printed book, we know that information may be found in books, in maps, in manuscripts, in microforms, in music, in images, in sound, in art, in recorded movement and, most importantly, in the digital record of any of them or any other thing that can be recorded in the universal language of binary.

If any of these forms emanate from government, it is government information.

Background

My personal affair with mainstreaming government information began some 32 years ago when one of my first assignments as a librarian at Dalhousie gave me the challenge of reviving a neglected full depository collection of Canadian and United Nations documents. At the time, and possibly ever since, the publications of government are an area which produces paroxysms of panic in many of my librarian colleagues and in generations of students who face them for the first time as one might first encounter hieroglyphs. For my part, I found them fascinating from my very first exposure to them. This is probably because early in life I had acquired some understanding of the governmental and political processes in my native Nova Scotia.

I came to the early belief that the ability of the publications of government to produce catatonia in librarians had nothing to do with form or content. It arose from the diligent application of arcane cataloguing rules that produce unfathomable hierarchical author entries seemingly designed to assure that no librarian or patron would ever be able to break through to their wealth of information. Librarians, like governments, seem to have a perverse instinct or possibly an involuntary propensity for disinformation -- but more of that aspect a bit later.

Assumptions

I suspect we are all here today because, for one reason or another, we believe that gaining greater and more standard access to those information sources that originate in government is a goal worth significant effort.

It is a duty incumbent upon all citizens in a democratic society to be informed about their governments and the issues that they are dealing with. That many shirk that duty does not in anyway diminish its validity.

Irrespective of our current expectations of role of government (it doesn't matter if expanding or contracting -- what we now call de-Kleining) -- the obligation remains upon participants in the political process to make informed decisions. The more difficult and the more complex the questions become, the greater is the need for information by, about, for and against government to be available in all tributaries of the "mainstream" in our society including our institutions and agencies of research,both public and private).

Today I propose to look at the various elements of government information, to examine what might be done with each to assure that government information does, in fact, enter that mainstream. I will attempt to intersect with each of the areas of interest to the learned and talented panel of respondents, all of whom have had to labour under the challenge of not knowing very much about what I was going to say today -- probably because I didn't know either until quite recently.

Players

There appear to be five parties involved in the process under consideration.

  1. The politicians: those who authorize the creation, gathering and release of information, or the denial, suppression and obfuscation of information.
  2. The servants of government: those who bring information into being or collect it and those who make it available -- after a fashion.
  3. The scholars: those who would use the information generated by the governmental process to pursue their scholarship. In spite of reformist hostility to scholarly examination of our society, scholars usefully investigate everything from the process of government, to the gathering of blood, to the safety of airlines, to the performance of regiments, to the earnings of groups of Canadians, to whatever. Their first need is to know what exists -- to know it in its purest, least adulterated form.
  4. Librarians and those in libraries: those who are skilled in the acquisition, preparation, description and dissemination of information about government. I see in particular the government publications librarians who specialize in knowing where and how to find the information, the bibliographic specialists who must provide meaningful descriptions of the sources, and those in public services who must provide access to these sources as well as to dozens of others, most of which have nothing to do with government or government information.
  5. The citizen: whether student or life-long learner or entrepreneur or person in need, is the inevitable final user of much of government information. For them, it is not just an issue of need to know or want to know. It is also the duty to know. In most cases their information has been digested, analyzed, interpreted or condensed by scholars or journalists or sellers of knowledge or, of course, by the politicians themselves.

What is the Mainstream?

The mainstream is where all persons choose to normally seek information. The mainstream also means a place that is unsegregated, i.e. not set apart from the usual sources when one is seeking information. In our society, the forms of the mainstream are the newspaper, the book, the magazine, the broadcast media. The places of the mainstream are the airwaves, the library, the newsstand. The tools of the mainstream are basic literacy, a basic computer literacy and structures that are easily manipulated by the normal citizen or in the case of research institutions, by the normal scholar. (Is that an oxymoron?)

We talk a great deal in the mainstream about rights to information. As far as I can tell when it comes to government information we have no rights beyond our ability to sway the political process through the ballot box.

Being a good librarian (or at least a former librarian) and recently faced with the question of my information rights when I was speaking to a group during Information Rights Week, I went back to the basics to extract the relevant section of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms that relates to our information rights, i.e. those things we can demand of the state with the power of the Constitution behind us. There is only one constitutional obligation on the governments of Canada (and of New Brunswick) that relates to information.

In the section on the Official Languages of Canada (Section 18 (1)) we are told that: p

18. (1) The statutes, records and journals of Parliament shall be printed and published in English and French and similarly for the statutes, records and journals of the legislature of New Brunswick.
There is a constitutional obligation to print them, but not really a requirement to make them available to the public by distribution. I will watch with interest how this obligation is reconciled with the recent decision to discontinue some of the "printing and publishing" of the records and journals of Parliament and the shift to publicly accessible electronic forms.

So we really can't depend on the Charter for rights of access to government information. That means we fall back on the common law, legislation, regulation and the political process.

Those have given us some good things:

and many other good or curious things that provide access to information. Not bad, however...the legislative/parliamentary process has also given us

Nature of Government Information

If we are able (without much difficulty) to demonstrate to ourselves that there is great value in government information for scholarship and teaching and good citizenship, we need to turn to look at government information particularly that has scholarly import beyond popular benefit.

We will find anything but the mainstream.

Damming and impeding government information from the mainstream flow are challenges of:

Secrecy and Expediency

For the political issues of secrecy and expediency we have to turn to the political process and we do so as both professionals and citizens. I won't spend anytime on this as of such are the careers of political scientists made.

Economic Challenges

The cost of government information has been central to the prospect of mainstreaming for as long as I have been dealing with it. On the one hand, at the federal level, there has been the long and variable practice of providing full or selective depository collections without cost to many types of library in order to get published information into the mainstream. We have seen many attempts to reduce or erode this practice through tightly controlling access to the program and through allowing many publications to stand outside the program. We also hear regularly of plans to move such activities into a cost-recovery mode.

When it comes to the increasing challenges of cost, the usual library response is to whine, something we do well but usually with little effect. The alternative is to organize ourselves. The best example yet of this self-help is the alliance for data among the universities of Canada particularly those in CARL -- the Canadian Association of Research Libraries. When as a result of the genius of Brian Mulroney and Michael Wilson it was decided to cease publishing most census related reports and to commodify and sell the data to all comers for up to a quarter million dollars, it was proposed that libraries band together into a consortium to acquire what is in effect a site license for the data.

Now I should comment that CARL was not only a excessively large committee (29 members) but all its members were directors of their respective libraries. The Australian Senator Gareth Evens (currently Minister of Foreign Affairs) once suggested a committee is often "a cul de sac into which good ideas are lured and quietly strangled." As a Committee of Directors, CARL had 29 de-facto chairs so getting a decision is somewhat difficult.

There was also a delightful ignorance about the utility of data which was shared by the vast majority of my directorial colleagues who knew little of quantitative methods and felt no void in their existence for its absence. We all know that directors never let the lack of information deter them from making decisions.

Thanks to a very successful lobby headed by Laine Ruus of the University of Toronto (who I have maligned elsewhere by calling her an occasionally blunt instrument) we (the CARL Directors) were convinced, cajoled and bludgeoned into participating in the CARL census data consortium. Since that decision many institutions have recognized and taken on themselves the task of moving this form of government information into the academic mainstream.

While this venture made the unavailable available to the academy, the proponents of this scheme have been severely criticized in some quarters for establishing an undesirable precedent through their "appeasement" to the governmental desire to establish and embed fees for public information.

That issue notwithstanding, in my view, this action used the two best methods for mainstreaming. On the one hand the libraries, often with great difficulty, entered into alliances with computing organizations to store, describe, and access the data. As a result new tools of access and manipulation were developed and shared.

On the other side of the house, librarians used these resources to insert themselves more deeply into the curricular process by encouraging use of the materials by those directly involved in teaching thus assuring such information was available not just to the scholar but to the student as well.

Informal methods of organization of data had proved adequate, not to mention cheap, up to this point. Demand was controlled by the necessity of accessing data files via the academic mainframe. This requirement clustered users and potential users around a small number of early adopters among the faculty, staff and services who referred new users and who provided oral history and documentation for the collection.

In data, as in many other areas, the shrinking budget forced all departments to consider a more cooperative approach to resources and resource rationalization. Until the early nineties, the comparative availability of funds made it acceptable for money to be spent on specialized services and collections which were independently enjoyed and which profited the research of relatively few faculty and students. This could no longer be tolerated. Economic challenges within the organizations using government information have provided a very important incentive to mainstreaming.

Format Challenges

There have been several significant challenges that arise from the formats of government information and our response to them. We can resist whimsical formats but we must grasp that there is an inherent obligation upon libraries to provide modes of access to all fairly common formats some of which cannot be simply dealt with by the human eye and the human intellect. At this point those non-standard forms would seem to be microforms, cartographic materials, CD-ROMs, computer tapes and Internet-delivered information. As these new lanes are put on the main highway for information we have little choice but to assure the capacity to travel them if we wish to assure a place for government information in the mainstream.

Challenges of Physical Segregation

More important is the inclination of libraries to physically segregate government information from information generated in the mainstream of commercial and non-profit publishers. Whether for reasons of easier control or separate bibliographic access or special formats or whatever, this segregation is an immediate impediment to mainstreaming since we make it abundantly clear that this is definitely not the mainstream.

Segregation from the mainstream, is something we do extremely well. Look at the typical scholarly library and in most instances one will find, in addition to the main collection, segregated collections such as government publications, microforms, music, maps, rare books, etc. In government information or at least in the printed component we actually segregate by imprint! This is not a message of mainstreaming. While such separation may serve the convenience of the very sophisticated specialist in the area, the expectation to use materials in a different place in a different way is no small disincentive to the integration of government information into the mainstream of scholarship and teaching.

Challenges of Pedagogy

Within academic institutions we have the challenge and the opportunity of mainstreaming through the pedagogical process. If academic staff do not integrate government information into their teaching activities, it will never move use of government information into the mainstream. Inclusion in the regular, evolving curriculum is mainstreaming, by definition. Exclusion sends the contrary message that this information is not important enough for the mainstream.

Even more importantly, if the learning user is not afforded an opportunity or a requirement to acquire competence in using government information during their formal learning stages, it will make it that much harder for them to be moved to become a competent user of government information later on in their careers. Lack of competence is a very, very powerful disincentive for mainstreaming anything!

At this point I would venture that we are also part of the problem. I have always been impressed by the enthusiasm with which librarians and others engaged in servicing government publications have responded to the needs of their users. They bring knowledge and enthusiasm and commitment to the users and to the information. That, interestingly enough, becomes one of the impediments to mainstreaming.

The gatekeeper or high priest or intermediary role works well if there are enough people to carry out the role and if they are available at the time the users need their services. Unfortunately it is a rare specialist who is available to their users more than 45 or 50 hours of the 168 hours per week during which users might wish to gain access to information. This is compounded by the erosion of the capacity of most libraries to staff specialized services. Having creating a dependence, we cannot service it, and that certainly is a disincentive to mainstreaming.

The evolution of distribution of government information into areas such as electronic transmission or new formats or even through regrettable decisions to no longer distribute certain kinds of information will all produce the side effect of undermining the skill base of our specialists. Not only may government information not be mainstreamed but some librarians and library-based providers of government information may be shunted aside or even rendered obsolete.

Challenges of Access

Finally I want to turn to the challenges of access. Knowing about government information is surely the first and most important aspect of assuring that it enters the mainstream. If we do not know appropriate information exists or if we do not feel confident that the information we need might exist then that information in effect does not exist in the mainstream or anywhere and we will be the less for it.

For those of us who are servants or agents of the users of information we should always remember that true mainstreaming of some form of information means that it is relatively easy to identify, easy to find and easy to use.

Easy to use is largely in the hands of those who generate the information and who establish its format and any built-in tools for access such as indexes and tables of contents. We should always be prepared to provide constructive feed back -- both positive and negative -- to those who produce the information. We should also remember that corporate memories in such organizations are short, particularly in the current time, and telling them only once will seldom be sufficient.

Easy to find will be addressed by our physical strategy of integration or segregation and in our locations. Are the materials in easily accessible places or in the sub-basement or the attic or not the primary library building?

Bibliographic Answers

Absolutely key to access to government information in libraries are the indexes and catalogues prepared by us and by others to provide the essential information about information that guides the user to the sources they need.

This is not without its paradoxes. In providing this access our approach to corporate author entries and the like has thrown up a wall of babble that hinders rather than helps all but the most knowledgeable. Nothing can impede user access more than the necessity to drill down into the fifth or sixth level of a corporate entry before knowing if they were even on the right track.

In the 1970s and early 1980s government information specialists attacked this problem with alternate systems such as CODOC and here in Calgary, NOMADS. These gave control, brought KWIC/KWOC and eventually Boolean access before most libraries had OPACs. This was done for the laudable reason of giving access to the inaccessible. They were affordable. They were helpful. They were innovative. They gave a decade or more of good service. Now, they are part of the problem.

In their quest for access, they reinforced segregation of materials. They introduced unique, non-integratable call numbers. They have been superseded by second and third generation OPAC systems that cannot digest their peculiarities, meaning that once again government information is isolated unless there is a significant investment in full MARC processing -- the investment many could not justify when the alternate systems were developed and adopted.

Some libraries have had the resources to always integrate their cataloguing. Some soldiered along without either approach. The particular value of the contemporary OPAC is in full-text searching, which allows the utility of corporate entries to be preserved without requiring users to actually understand them in depth in order to extract information from the catalogues.

Most libraries seem now to be integrating the bibliographic approach to government publications. A few have gone so far as to integrate the collections themselves. I support full integration. My colleagues on the panel will delve into the pros and cons of full integration gleefully demonstrating once again the error of my ways.

Electronic / Technological Answers

The other significant route to mainstreaming is increasing exploitation of available technological options. In the first wave of economic reconstruction in libraries, there was much talk of "user pay". The current customer centred approach is more appropriately "user do". Let the customer do much of the work but at the customer's convenience! The functionality of the Internet, particularly the World Wide Web, is a natural tool of that liberation of the user -- liberation from dependence on intermediaries and from dependence on the places of intermediation. In the case of government information it offers navigation through an impenetrable thicket.

In libraries, the OPAC gave customers a power that never existed in the unfathomable card catalogue. The CD-ROM liberated them from the drudgery of the paper index. Now the technology is moving beyond information about information and reference book surrogates into totally new functionalities. The World Wide Web model allows movement beyond the library as place, beyond specific formats and segregated collections.

There is an amazing movement throughout the world to move to the digitization of published and unpublished materials for reasons of both preservation and access. Numerous agencies are releasing information in electronic form either uniquely or parallel to paper products. At this point there are nearly 300 scanning projects throughout the world preserving materials in several dozen languages. Suffice to say that anything digitized is network deliverable thus overcoming some of the challenges of place and format while bringing a whole new wave of challenges.

The electronic environment gives a nation the ability to do things for their own reasons of preservation and access which then would become the entry to the international exchange of resources not on an exchange shipment basis but an exchange access basis.

At the same time as I enthuse about the marvellous prospects of technology to bring government information into the mainstream let us remind ourselves that those who are the largest keepers and purveyors of government information are the same folks who brought us Telidon! Let that be a warning to us to scrutinized carefully whatever lies behind the hype.

The Internet

A key evolutionary instrumentality for new mainstreaming of many kinds of information is the Internet and particularly the World Wide Web. The Internet is the intersection of computing, communication and imagery with a decentralized collective will. It is the paradoxical model of doing our own thing at our pace on our ground for our needs and by so doing allowing us to participate in the sharing of global resources.

Many speakers at this conference have spoken of the Internet and the World Wide Web as a tool for libraries -- as an electronic glue to bind us together.

What are the characteristics of tools such as Gopher and the Web that recommend them as useful and affordable solutions to the challenges of government information?

They are among an evolving set of international standards that can be readily learned and applied without extensive or expensive training and development. A new information provider can be up and running within days of committing to the process.

The information provider can be an organization, or as we have seen in the last six to eight months, it can even be the individual who is in the best position to assure that the information is timely, always available, reliably accurate and most important, up-to-date or who wishes to make information available in a way that is most meaningful to them or to their community.

In governmental areas of particular relevance to libraries we can find national libraries, parliamentary agencies, quasi- and non-governmental three levels of government making contributions to the collective information pool.

The information provider can be located in the place that is closest to the sources of information, thus minimizing the necessity to gather information at a distance. The traditions of gathering and reprocessing information into consolidated publications or data bases bring complications of too many intermediaries, too much added cost with minimal added value and significant delay since little is made available until all sources have reported.

Where the current library paradigm must focus significant effort and resources on finding and acquiring and reprocessing published information from government and other publishers, the network information provider can focus primarily on their own information, being simultaneously provider and consumer.

The Web is evolving very rapidly to emulate many of the strengths of libraries at the same time as unique tools are also being developed. There are many search engines on the Web. Each is more sophisticated than its predecessors. As example, the release of Harvest at the University of Colorado. http://harvest.cs.colorado.edu/.

A fairly new source of relevance to us today is Champlain, a Harvest-based search service being created to allow harvesting from all pages in Canada that emanate from governments at any of the three levels. http://info.ic.gc.ca/champlain/champlain.html

The Web is a marvellous source for information that is time sensitive or somewhat ephemeral. On three occasions in the past few months the Government of this province of Alberta has released a full text of budgets and other key statements on the Web simultaneously with the Premier or other official beginning to speak in the House. http://cis.anu.edu.au/.

There are such gathering pages of varying degrees of comprehensiveness functioning for Canada, the United States, Australia and the United Kingdom.

In Canada we have seen the innovative Open Government Project, the early efforts of a number of agencies such as Industry Canada, the CBC, the National Museums and a number of others. There are cartographic resources, policy statements, pieces of legislation, ministerial pufferies and items of great significance (e.g. full text NAFTA) out there for our use in mainstreaming. Having said that, Canada's efforts are not cutting edge. Overall they might best be characterized by Jean Chrétien's recent and hesitant participation in a foreign, commercial network service.

In the US and Australia particularly network services are becoming a significant tool for the timely distribution of meaningful and/or difficult to handle government information. For example, ten days ago on June 7 Prime Minister Paul Keating of Australia spoke to the House of Representatives about the process of moving Australia from a monarchical to a republican form of government. By June 8 his full speech, relevant reports, anticipated Frequently Asked Questions and other appropriate materials were available on the Prime Minister's home page on the Web.

There are two Web sites related to this week's G7 meetings in Halifax which provide up to the minute resources. This currency, particularly for events, raises a very significant challenge vis-a-vis the mainstreaming of government information via the Net. What will happen to the information after the event? Will this information become fugitive or even disappear or will it stay alive and be connected to the pages for next year's G7? One advantage of our ponderous methods in libraries is that we do provide a fairly reliable, long term archive to preserve information, even ephemeral information.

Even when there is electronic effort by the "official" information provider, it has no monopoly on the provision of government information. Alternate sources, even controversial information sources can be provided readily by organizations or even individuals in response to the information of others. Three controversial examples come to mind:

1) Within days of the heating up of the recent dispute between Canada and Spain over the fishing of turbot on the Grand Banks of the North Atlantic, the Spanish Embassy in Ottawa had initiated a Web Page which included news of the dispute and relevant statements and documents from the Spanish Government and the European Union. The page is mounted on a computer in the Department of Civil Engineering at Carleton University! http://www.civeng.carleton.ca/SiSpain/.

2) For over a year, there has been a Zapatista Web page focusing of the disputes in Chiapas State of Mexico. This Web page is located in the United States. http://www.peak.org/~justin/ezln/ezln.html.

3) In both Canada and the United States there are Web pages mounted by aboriginal groups outlining the background and details of treaties and many outstanding land claims against the governments of those countries. (e.g. http://www.abinfohwy.ca/abinfohwy/.

On the other side of the connection, the user is in complete control of when he or she seeks the information, where he goes, where he is when he accesses systems and how little or how much he uses or takes from each resource. The user is free to seek communication and collaboration with whoever they will. The invisible college of scholarly communication is being given new life through the Net and offers a paradigm that is being adopted by natural groupings in all fields of endeavour.

This is knowledge at the convenience of the searcher. Information when and where needed. The user moves not by aeroplane or postal service but at the speed of light between sources, travelling without passport or visa, without tension, without jet lag and without significant personal cost.

Because the information is prepared in a highly decentralized manner without significant state intervention or even approbation, it becomes a window on what we are -- what we really are -- not how we show ourselves when we dress up and travel, on our best behaviour. I would suggest that the World Wide Web is the window that we would be wise to share with each other.

Have no doubt, I do not believe the promised perfection of the virtual world is here. I concur with my former colleague Terry Kuny, now a contract Webmaster for the National Library of Canada among other organizations, who was quoted last year in MacLean's:

The Internet is to virtual library, as flea market is to the Library of Congress.
Terry Kuny
MacLean's, September 19, 1994 p.60
There are many challenges to be met, tools to be crafted, connections to be made, legal, social and financial challenges to be addressed, standards to be adopted, limitations to be overcome. Search tools must become more sophisticated. Filters must be enhanced and made highly customizable. Validation mechanisms must be developed to establish higher levels of reliability. Automatic translation tools must be made available. They will all be addressed in time and those who have chosen to make the journey will reap the benefits.

In summary, there are many challenges to mainstreaming government information. Some are under control of those of us in libraries. Some are under the control of governments who may or may not know of the means of mainstreaming and who may not care! In addressing these challenges there is really only one question for libraries.

Are we part of the solution or part of the problem?

Notes

[1] May be cited as/On peut citer comme suit:

Alan H. MacDonald, "Mainstreaming Government Information in Canadian Research Libraries," Government Information in Canada, Vol. 2, no. 1.4 (summer 1995).

Based on remarks presented to the 50th Annual Conference of the Canadian Library Association (Access to Government Information Interest Group and the Canadian Association of College and University Libraries), Calgary, Alberta, 17 June 1995.

[2]

Alan H. MacDonald
Director of Information Services
A100
The University of Calgary
2500 University Drive N.W.
Calgary, Alberta
T2N 1N4

Telephone:  (403) 220 5956
FAX:	    (403) 289 6800

e-mail:     ahmacdon@ucdasvm1.admin.ucalgary.ca
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